中文
我学习「A没有B那么[adj]。例子：纽约的冬天比加州冷 → 加州的冬天没有纽约那么冷。
我也学习方向。方向词是：（边或者面：都可以）上边，下边，左边，右边，旁边，里边，外边，前面，后面，东边，南边，西边，北边，东南边，东北边，西北边，西南边。
Mormon feminism
- Mormon women in the 1850s generally had more freedom than other American women.
- Other suffragettes viewed them as shackled by the burdens of polygamy.
- Slavery and polygamy were the "twin relics of barbarism".
Reynolds v. US (1878)
- 1st Amendment
- Addressed to Congress-- not states.
- State incorporation only began in the 1940s.
- Began with the 14th Amendment.
- Church law generally the purview of states.
- Does not define religion, free exercise, or establishment.
- Able to enter federal courts as Utah was a territory, not a state.
- Test case, Reynolds chosen due to being an upstanding member of society with only 2 wives (note that Brigham Young had 56 wives).
- Court decides that 1st Amendment does not protect religious action, only religious belief.
- Pivotal in any 1st Amendment discussions, still heavily cited.
- Cited by Scalia in Free Exercise v. Smith (1990)
Mahāyāna
- Emerged as a non-sectarian movement ~0 CE.
- Sectarianism only really came around 9th/10th century Japan with Saichō.
- Sectarianism emerged out of Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism being exclusively Mahāyānist.
- Earliest known sūtra date is the 2nd century CE with Lokakṣema's translations, probably composed a century earlier.
- Some scholars push the earliest date to 1st century BCE.
- Created by forest dwelling ascetics who wished to return to an original Buddhism.
- Originally only a minority of the Saṅgha, particularly those who were interested in esoteric matters (never caused a schism however).
- Formal renouncing of Mahāyāna only began around the 5th century.
- Creation of sūtras lasted 6-7 centuries.
- Nāgārjuna
- 2nd century CE, possibly from South India
- Composed Madhyamaka-kārikā.
- Credited with founding the śastra schools of Madhyamaka and Sūnyavāda
- Asaṅga + Vasubandhu
- Traditionally considered brothers, end of 4th century to beginning of 5th century CE, from North India
- Vasubandhu, author of the Abhidharmakośa, traditionally considered the same as this Vasubandhu; modern scholarship disagrees.
- Credited with founding the śastra schools of Yogācāra and Vijñāvāda.
- Believed that besides the mind (citta, vijñāna) and the ideas + info it processes (vijñapti), there is nothing.
- Viewed itself as the superior teaching.
- Defining idea is that the Buddha's awakening was superior to the arhats due to following the Mahāyāna (Bodhisattvayāna) while they followed the Hīnayāna (Śrāvakayāna).
- Not really sure how this combines with the Parable of the Burning House; how is his superior? He perfected the qualities but didn't the arhats?
- Most important Mahāyāna sūtras can be divided into the idea they professed:
- Bodhissatva path (Boddhisattva-piṭaka, Daśabhūmika Sūtra)
- Prajñāpāramitā sūtras (Aṣṭasāhasrikā Sūtra)
- Vijñapti-mātra sūtras (Saṃdhiniromocana Sūtra)
- Tathāgatagarbha sūtras (Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra, Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra, Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, Śrīmālādevī-siṃhanāda Sūtra)
- Saddharma-puṇḍarīka Sūtra
- Avataṃsaka Sūtra
- Pure land sūtras (Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra, Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra, Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra)
- Meditation sūtras (Pratyutpanna-buddha-sammukhāvasthita-samādhi Sūtra, Samādhi-rāja Sūtra, Śūraṅgama-samādhi Sūtra)